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Fibrous fuel development is hot Dupont Danisk Cellulose Ethanol Co., a joint venture between DuPont and the Danish company Danex Corp’s Genencor, plans to launch its first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol plant in 2012. Its medium-sized plant in Vonore, Tennessee, USA was put into operation at the end of 2009. The plant will use straw and pasture as raw materials.
Since 2006, BP has invested more than US$1.5 billion in biofuel research, development and project construction. In February 2008, BP and U.S. ethanol producer Verenium formed a 50% joint venture to develop and commercialize cellulosic ethanol. The joint venture's commercial cellulose ethanol plant built in Florida, USA, is expected to be grounded in 2010 and put into production in 2012. The device uses fast-growing forage as raw material and has a production capacity of 36 million gallons per year. BP expects that fuel from biomass will account for 25% of the US gasoline market by 2030, and US biofuel production will increase from less than 500,000 barrels/day in 2007 to 2.3 million barrels/day in 2030.
In addition to partnerships with Iogen, a biotechnical company in Canada, and Codexis, the United States, Shell has partnered with Choren Industries, a biofuels company in Germany, to produce biomass-based diesel and to collaborate with Virent Energy Systems of the United States. Material-based gasoline occurs.
Algae-based diesel is promising The US energy company Chevron developed and experimented with Solazyme, an American synthetic biology company, in 2008 to produce biodiesel from microalgae. In July of the same year, ExxonMobil invested more than 600 million U.S. dollars in the development of seaweed-based biofuels through cooperation with American biotechnology company Synthetic Genomics.
ExxonMobil has determined after extensive research that the production of biofuel from seaweed has potential benefits and advantages. According to the company's calculations, the final development and widespread deployment of algae-based biofuels will require the reinvestment of billions of dollars. If successful, seaweed can be used to make a variety of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel that are commensurate with today's product specifications.
Analysts pointed out that large-scale production of seaweed-based biofuels needs to be supported by the production of other profitable logistics, such as special products with higher value of cogeneration, food, feed, and low-cost wastewater treatment.
Seaweed can not only be used as a raw material for biofuels but also used to produce chemicals. In June 2008, Dow Chemical Company partnered with Algenol Biofuels to build a medium-scale algae biorefinery in Freeport, Texas, to produce ethanol. Steve Gluck, chief scientist of the research and development department of The Dow Chemical Company, said that compared with biofuels, the chemical industry based on seaweed is facing greater opportunities for development. He believes that the economic and scale barriers to producing chemicals from seaweeds are much less challenging than providing fuels, because the production of chemicals is generally pure substances, and fuels are mostly mixed components.
Other development paths for simultaneous development of other liquid alternative fuels and technological advances include biobutanol, biogas, biomass oil (BTL), pyrolysis oil, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, synthetic natural gas (GTL), and hydrogenation derivatives Renewable diesel. Among them, hydrogenated derived renewable diesel oil is generally produced by natural oil and fat hydrocracking. It can be used alone in oil refineries or blended with petroleum. Similar refining processes can also be used to produce gasoline.
In the United States, Valero Energy announced in September this year that it plans to establish a joint venture with a company in Louisiana, USA, to use animal fats and waste oil as raw materials to build a 135 million gallon/year renewable diesel plant. The joint venture has received a loan guarantee from the U.S. Department of Energy. Other oil companies, including ConocoPhillips and Synthetic Oils of the United States, Finland's Nasit Petroleum, Petrobras of Brazil, and a joint venture between Eni of Italy and UOP of the United States, are also involved in similar projects.
Accelerate the development of the global new generation
The requirements for protecting the environment, the strong support of various governments, and the unstable oil prices are driving the breakthrough and development of a new generation of biofuel technologies. U.S.-based Nexant Consulting Co., Ltd. recently stated that the focus of recent industrial activities has shifted to the development of technologies based on cellulosic biomass and non-food oils such as Jatropha curcas and microalgae. The newly released Energy Outlook report of the U.S. Energy Information Administration predicts that the amount of ethanol in the United States will increase to nearly 29 billion gallons in 2030, accounting for 20% of the total gasoline consumption in the year; and the consumption of renewable diesel from cellulosic materials will greatly exceed Biodiesel consumption.